![]() However, these methods are not completely effective when used in isolation 17, and the application of antibiotics is not authorized in some countries due to the evolution of antibiotic resistance in populations of plant pathogens 18. and Yersinia spp.Ĭontrol of the fire blight pathogen is difficult and is typically achieved through the eradication of entire trees displaying symptoms or via preventive spraying of copper compounds or antibiotics. amylovora is classified as a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and, as such, is closely related to many important human and animal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. amylovora), is a destructive disease that strongly affects the Rosaceae family, including the economically important species apple and pear 17. Moreover, expression of EFR has been also reported to increase resistance to bacterial diseases in other plants such as Medicago truncatula 13, potato 14, rice 2, 15, and wheat 16.įire blight, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora ( E. However, expression of the Arabidopsis EFR gene in Nicotiana benthamiana and in tomato conferred elf18 responsiveness and increased anti-bacterial resistance to these species, indicating that the downstream elements of PRR activation are conserved between Arabidopsis and other plants 11, 12. Elf18 perception by EFR is specific to the Brassicaceae family. EFR is related to FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), the receptor for the flagellin-derived PAMP flg22, and belongs to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) XII sub-family. ![]() EF-Tu is recognized by EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), a Brassicaceae-specific 10. Arabidopsis recognizes the N-terminus of the protein and specifically the N-acetylated peptide comprising the first 18 amino acids of EF-Tu, called elf18. Several PAMPs have been described and their recognition investigated in plants 3, 4, 5 such as beta-glucan 6, chitin 7, flagellin 8, and the elongation factor thermal unstable (EF-Tu) 9.ĮF-Tu is one of the most abundant bacterial proteins and acts in Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter, Arabidopsis) as a very potent PAMP 9. When these molecules are recognized by plants, a series of defense reactions are induced such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, callose deposition, expression of defense genes, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades 2, 3. PAMPs are important for microbes (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic) and are widely conserved across microorganisms. This mechanism is based on the recognition of conserved microbial molecules (pathogen-associated or microbial-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs or MAMPs) and is known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Each plant cell can trigger an immune response autonomously by employing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for sensitive and rapid detection of potential threats caused by pests or pathogens 1. Our results show that the expression of EFR in apple rootstock may be a valuable biotechnology strategy to improve the resistance of apple to fire blight.ĭespite being constantly exposed to a wide range of pathogens in their immediate environment, plants are resistant to most microbes. amylovora infection was significantly reduced in the EFR transgenic rootstock compared to the wild-type. The amount of tissue necrosis associated with E. amylovora, as measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and the induction of known defense genes. ![]() Stable EFR expression led to the activation of PAMP-triggered immune response in apple leaves upon treatment with supernatant of E. amylovora by its ectopic expression in the susceptible apple rootstock M.26. In this study, we tested whether EFR can affect the interaction of apple with E. EFR, the Arabidopsis thaliana PRR for the PAMP elf18 derived from the elongation factor thermal unstable (EF-Tu) proved to be effective in improving bacterial resistance when expressed into Solanaceae and other plant species. The interspecies transfer of PRRs represents a promising strategy to engineer broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance in crops. An important mechanism of plant immunity is based on the recognition of conserved microbial molecules, named pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). amylovora), is responsible for substantial losses in cultivated apples worldwide. Fire blight disease, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora ( E.
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